Collection event and specimen analysis records for Halobates
Surface structure of water skaters
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Collection event records
Specimen analysis records - raw data for 26 elements
Specimen analysis records - derived data for 7 elements
Table (XLSX)
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Technical Details | This spreadsheet was obtained from dot-matrix computer printouts that were scanned and converted to digital format using optical character recognition software. |
Table (CSV)
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Technical Details | This spreadsheet was obtained from dot-matrix computer printouts that were scanned and converted to digital format using optical character recognition software. |
- Collection
- Cite This Work
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Cheng, Lanna; Schulz-Baldes, Meinhard; Alexander, George V.; Franco, Paul J.; Ott, John (2015). Collection event and specimen analysis records for Halobates. In Heavy Metals in the Ocean Insect, Halobates. UC San Diego Library Digital Collections. https://doi.org/10.6075/J0513WJD
- Scope And Content
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This data collection and, in particular, the components, "Collection event records" and "Specimen analysis records - derived data for 7 elements", were first published in June 2015. "Specimen analysis records - raw data for 26 elements" was added to the collection in February 2017.
The Collection event records contain detailed information on each of 500 samples collected from the Pacific Ocean, including species identification, cruise name and station number, date (dd.mmm.yy) of collection, exact longitude and latitude, number of insects in each sample, and developmental stages.
The Specimen analysis records contain elemental concentration data for each sample. There are two sets of specimen analysis records - raw data and derived data. Raw data comprise analyses of 26 elements for the 500 specimens. Derived data comprise concentrations of 7 heavy metals that were pollutants considered to be of potential concern to the marine environment. Detailed information on species, location, etc. are given in Data documentation.
The three data tables represent the same set of samples/specimens, linked by identification numbers 1-500, which appear in columns with different labels: "Ref #" (Collection event record), first 3 digits of "SAMPLE" (Specimen analysis records – raw data for 26 elements), and "specimen_ID" (Specimen analysis records - derived data for 7 elements). - Date Collected
- 1961 to 1978
- Date Issued
- 2015
- Principal Investigator
- Co Principal Investigator
- Contributors
- Methods
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Sample Collection
The samples used for analyses were collected from the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. They were all collected by net tows during oceanographic cruises operated either by the SIO or other institutions and given to me. Halobates specimens were separated from other plankton organisms and preserved either in 5% formaldehyde or 70% ethanol. Formaldehyde preserved samples were later rinsed several times in fresh water then transferred to 70% ethanol.
Sample processing and analyses
Insects were removed from preservatives, rinsed in filtered water, blotted dry with Kimwipe tissues and placed in pre-cleaned polyethylene vials with tops covered by Kimwipes. They were then dried in an oven at 60 C for 24-48 hours. They were analyzed for heavy metals using an optical emission spectrometer system specially designed for multi-element analysis of biological tissues (Cheng, Alexander, and Franco, 1976). Confidence in the accuracy of the spectrometric analyses was established by analyzing the Standard reference Material 1577 (Orchard leaves) and 1571 (bovine liver) provided by the U.S. National Bureau of Standards. Agreement was within 10% of the certified values.
In order to ascertain that measurements from differently preserved samples were comparable, fresh samples were collected and preserved in formaldehyde, 70% ethanol, freeze-dried or oven-dried for comparison. We were satisfied with heavy metal analyses results.
Concluding remarks
A total of 844 Halobates samples were analyzed for heavy metals of which 293 were collected from the Atlantic Ocean and the rest were from the Pacific Ocean. Only Cd was analyzed for the Atlantic samples and results have been published (see list of publications; original data are not available). Insect samples from the Pacific were analyzed for 25 elements but only data of the following heavy metals are available: - Cr (chromium), Cu (copper), Pb (lead), Mn (manganese), Ni (nickel), Ti (titanium) and Zn (zinc). Data on cadmium have been published (original data are in Lanna Cheng archive, UCSD) but data on the other 7 heavy metals remain largely unpublished. - Technical Details
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The "Specimen analysis records - derived data for 7 elements" tables originate from 63 sheets of dot-matrix computer printouts. The sheets were each scanned using an Epson Expression 10000XL flatbed scanner and saved using the TIFF format. The scans were processed in Adobe Photoshop in preparation for the optical character recognition (OCR) process. Headers, miscellaneous markings, and background line colors were removed, and a filter was applied to sharpen font edges. The edited images were saved as JPEGs . These images were next converted into Microsoft Excel XLSX format using OCR software. The converted data in the XLSX files were compared to the JPEG images and corrections were made directly to the XLSX spreadsheet data entries where errors in the OCR conversion were found. In the R programming environment, the 63 corrected XLSX files were read into dataframes, and headers and metal values were added. The dataframes were then concatenated and written to a single XLSX file. The XLSX file was additionally saved in CSV format.
- Geographic
- Scientific Names
- Corporate Name
- Topics
- Language
- English
- Identifier
- Related Resource
- Andersen, N.M. and Cheng, L. 2004. The marine insect Halobates (Heteroptera: Gerridae): Biology, adaptations, distribution and phylogeny. Oceanography and Marine Biology, An Annual Review 42: 119-180. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203507810.ch5
- Ikawa, T., A. Okubo, H. Okabe and L. Cheng. 1998. Oceanic diffusion and the pelagic insects Halobates spp. (Gerridae: Hemiptera). Marine Biology. 131: 195-201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002270050310
- Ikawa, Terumi, Hidehiko Okabe and Lanna Cheng. 2012. Skaters of the seas - comparative ecology of nearshore and pelagic Halobates (Hemiptera: Gerridae), with special reference to Japanese Species. Marine Biology Research, 8: 915-936. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2012.705848
- K.R. Bull, R.K. Murton, D. Osborn, P. Ward and L. Cheng. 1977. High levels of cadmium in Atlantic seabirds and sea-skaters. Nature. 269(5628): 507-509. https://doi.org/10.1038/269507a0
- L. Cheng and M. Schulz-Baldes. 1981. Frequency and population composition of Halobates micans (Heteroptera: Gerridae) from the central and South Atlantic Ocean. Meteor Forsch.-Ergebnisse., Reihe D, 33: 17-21.
- L. Cheng, G.V. Alexander and P.J. Franco. 1976. Cadmium and other heavy metals in sea-skaters (Gerridae: Halobates, Rheumatobates). Water, Air and Soil Pollution. 6: 33-38. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00158713
- L. Cheng, M. Schulz-Baldes and C.S. Harrison. 1984. Cadmium in ocean-skaters, Halobates sericeus (Insecta), and in their seabird predators. Marine Biology. 79: 321-324. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00393265
- L. Cheng, P.J. Franco and M. Schulz-Baldes. 1979. Heavy metals in a sea-skater Halobates robustus from the Galàpagos Islands: Concentrations in nature and uptake experiments, with special reference to cadmium. Marine Biology. 54: 201-206. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00395781
- L. Cheng. 1973. Halobates. Oceanography and Marine Biology, an Annual Review. 11: 223-235.
- L. Cheng. 1980. Incorporation of cadmium into Drosophila. Environmental Pollution, Ser. A. 21: 85-88. <@ https://doi.org/10.1016/0143-1471(80)90036-7
- L. Cheng. 1985. Biology of Halobates (Heteroptera: Gerridae). Annual Review of Entomology 30: 111-135. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.30.010185.000551
- L. Cheng. 1989. Factors limiting the distribution of Halobates species. Reproduction, Genetics and Distribution of Marine Organisms. 23rd European Marine Biology Symposium. J.S. Ryland and P.A. Tyler, eds. Olsen & Olsen, Denmark, Pp. 357-362.
- M. Schulz-Baldes and L. Cheng. 1979. Uptake and loss of radioactive cadmium by the sea-skater Halobates robustus (Heteroptera: Gerridae). Marine Biology. 52: 253-258. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00398139
- M. Schulz-Baldes and L. Cheng. 1980. Cadmium in Halobates micans from the central and South Atlantic Ocean. Marine Biology. 59: 163-168. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00396864
- M. Schulz-Baldes and L. Cheng. 1981. Flux of radioactive cadmium through the sea-skater Halobates (Heteroptera: Gerridae). Marine Biology. 62: 173-177. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00388180
Reference
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2023-07-17